The Participants of the 1957 Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
Signers of the Einstein-Russell Manifesto
Max Born – GER – Nobel Physics Prize
Leopold Infeld -USA
Linus Carl Pauling – USA – Nobel Physics Prize
Bertrand Russell – UK
P. W. Bridgeman –USA – Nobel Prize Physics
Frédéric Joliot-Curie- FRA (Nobel Chemistry Prize)
Cecil Powell – UK – Nobel Physics Prize
Hidiki Yukawa –Japan – Nobel Physics Prize
Albert Einstein -UK– Nobel Prize Physics
Paul Hermann Muller – Switzerland
Nobel Prize Physiology of Medicine
Joseph Rotblat –UK - Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Prize Winners – Participants of 1957 Conference
Albert Einstein
Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph Rotblat
Nobel Peace Prize
Hermann Joseph Muller
The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō
Nobel Prize for Physics
Linus Pauling
Nobel Peace Prize; Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Leo Szilárd
Never received the Nobel Prize, but two of his inventions did
Linus Carl Powell
Nobel Prize in Physics
Hideki Yukawa
Nobel Prize for Physics
Joseph Rotblat (#14)
[1908-2005]
Sir Joseph Rotblat - born Józef Rotblat - was a Polish-born & British-naturalised physicist & the only scientist ever to resign from the Manhattan Project. His work on nuclear fallout was a major contribution to the agreement of the Partial Test Ban Treaty. A signatory of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, he was secretary general of the Pugwash Conferences on Science & World Affairs from its founding until 1973. In conjunction with the Pugwash Conferences, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for their efforts towards nuclear disarmament. “It may be worth reminding one another of the fact that nuclear weapons have been used in war, admittedly in an extreme situation, but not by an irrational despot or under the naïve illusion of their relative innocence. Extreme situations may arise again. What guarantee is there that nuclear weapons will not be used again? In the short term, the risk can be lessened by reducing nuclear arsenals. But the longer-term aim must be to destroy all such weapons, as the United Nations argued in 1946. Since we have no way of banning knowledge concerning nuclear weapons, the only guarantee that they will never be used is, in the last analysis, probably a world without war.
Bertrand Russell
[1872-1970]
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Bertrand Russell was a Welsh philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian & social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist & a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these things in any profound sense. He was born in Wales, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain. Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 1900's. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege & his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein, & is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. He co-authored, with Albert North Whitehead, "Principia Mathematica," an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see type theory and type system) & philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology & metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed free trade & anti-imperialism. Russell went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the USA's involvement in the Vietnam War & was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. One of his last acts was to issue a statement which condemned Israeli aggression in the Middle East. In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals & freedom of thought." He was not at ‘57 Pugwash Conf.
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics & one of the most prolific intellects in human history. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics & quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole. He was visiting the USA when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 & did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the USA, becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon & recommended that the US begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Cyrus Eaton (#13)
1883-1979
Cyrus Eaton was born in Pugwash River, Nova Scotia. He became investment banker, businessman & philanthropist in the USA, with a career that spanned 70 years. For decades one of the most powerful financiers in the American midwest, Cyrus Eaton was also a colorful & often-controversial figure. He was chiefly known for his longevity in business, for his opposition to the dominance of eastern financiers in the America of his day, for his occasionally ruthless financial manipulations & for his outspoken criticism of America’s Cold War brinkmanship. He funded & helped organize the first Pugwash Conferences on World Peace, in 1957 and hosted it in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. For the rest of his life he put energy in bringing educators, scientists, and insightful to Thinkers Lodge in Pugwash, NS to share ideas and work toward practical solutions to problems that plagued the world. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1960 and the Canadian Federalist Peace Award jointly with his wife Anne Kinder Eaton in 1979. The people of Pugwash were key to making the conference attendees relax and trust each other as they tackled complex problems.
D. F. Cavers
(1903 -1988)
David F. Cavers, from the UA, retired Fessenden Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School, died on March 4. He was 85 years old. Professor Cavers taught at the law school from 1946 until 1969 and was its first associate dean. He was a specialist in the field of conflicts of law, the process of resolving conflicts between the laws of different jurisdictions. His writings on the subject over a period of 50 years were collected in ''Choice of Law,'' published by Duke University Press in 1985.
G. Brock Chisholm (#10)
(1896-1971)
George Brock Chisholm, was a Canadian First World War veteran, medical practitioner, the first Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), and the 13th Canadian Surgeon General. He was a strong advocate of religious tolerance and often commented that man's worst enemy was not disease, which he felt was curable as long as men worked together. Chisholm was born in Oakville, Ontario. After the war, Chisholm pursued his lifelong passion of medicine, earning his M.D. from the University of Toronto by 1924 before interning in England, where he specialized in psychiatry. After six years in general practice in his native Oakville, he attended Yale University where he specialized in the mental health of children. During this time, Chisholm developed his strong Marxist view that children should be raised in an "as intellectually free environment" as possible, independent of the prejudices and biases (political, moral and religious) of their parents. He joined the war effort as a psychiatrist dealing with psychological aspects of soldier training, before rising to the rank of Director General of the Medical Services, the highest position within the medical ranks of the Canadian Army. That same year, Chisholm took his views to the international scene, becoming the Executive Secretary of the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization, based in Geneva, Switzerland. He was one of 16 international experts consulted in drafting the agency's first constitution. The WHO became a permanent UN fixture in April 1948, and Chisholm became the agency's first Director-General. Chisholm was now in the unique position of being able to bring his views on the importance of international mental and physical health to the world. Refusing re-election, he occupied the post until 1953, during which time the WHO dealt successfully with a cholera epidemic in Egypt, malaria outbreaks in Greece and Sardinia, and introduced shortwave epidemic-warning services for ships at sea.
M. Danysz (#21)
(1909-1983)
Marian Danysz, Danysz (March 17, 1909 – February 9, 1983) was a Polish physicist. son of Jan Kazimierz. In 1952, he co-discovered with J. Pniewski a new kind of matter, an atom nucleus, which alongside a proton and neutron contains a third particle: the lambda hyperon. Ten years later, they obtained a hyper-nucleus in excited state, and the following year a hyper-nucleus with two lambda hyperons.
Paul Doty
(1920- 2011)
Paul Doty - During his forty-two years on the Harvard University faculty, Doty embraced two careers: one in biochemistry, where he founded the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the other in science policy and international security studies, where he founded the Center for Science and International Affairs in 1973. Doty's research focus was on the structure and functioning of large molecules progressively moving from polymeric molecules which constitute plastics and fibers, to polypeptides and polynucleotides which consist of single repeating units of the kind involved in proteins and nucleic acids and then on to proteins and nucleic acids. Doty's second career had its origins in his graduate student days at Columbia. During this time he worked on isotope separation at the beginning of the Manhattan Project and attended courses by its leaders: Fermi, Rabi, Teller, and Urey. In 1957 he served as chairman of the Federation of American Scientists and attended the first unofficial meeting of nuclear scientists in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. Here he made contact with Soviet counterparts and decided that there was a niche to be filled by promoting informed examination of the technical aspects related to avoiding nuclear war outside official channels. In 1958 he made his first of what would come to be 42 trips to the Soviet Union mostly in pursuit of this goal. In the same year he undertook two initiatives. One was to form in the National Academy of Sciences a Committee to promote and oversee the exchange of Soviet and American scientists for research purposes and to organize two large scale Pugwash Conferences, one in Moscow (1960), the other in the U.S. (1961). These conferences established, for the first time that unofficial international discussions among scientists on nuclear problems and scientific collaboration could play a useful role despite the polarization of the Cold War. By 1964 Doty redirected most of his efforts from the multilateral Pugwash conferences to form a bilateral Soviet- American Group co-chaired by Millionshchikov, first vice-president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and himself. This group was widely thought to have contributed critically to inducing the Soviet Union to negotiate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty concluded in 1972 .In 1971 Doty began a series of annual summer workshops on arms control at the Aspen Institute in Colorado. He served as chairman until 1984. Meanwhile in 1976, Doty became a Board member of the newly formed Aspen Institute Berlin where he initiated summer workshops on European Security.
John S. Foster (#12)
1890-1964
Dr. John Stuart Foster, a nuclear physicist was a leader in the postwar establishment of nuclear studies in Canada. Dr. Foster was founder and first director of the McGill University Radiation Laboratory. He was graduated from Arcadia University in Nova Scotia, served in the United States Army in World War I and received a doctorate from Yale University in 1921. Three years later, he joined the McGill faculty and later became MacDonald Professor of Physics. In 1926‐27, Dr. Foster studied at the institute of Dr. Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist. From this came important theoretical advanced experiments on what is known as the Stark Effect, the effect of strong electrical fields on the helium atom.
Born in Clarence, Nova Scotia, he completed his Ph.D. at Yale University with a dissertation on the first measurements of the Stark effect in Helium. In 1924 he gained an appointment as assistant professor at McGill University in Montreal where he taught physics. During the World War II he served as a liaison officer for the National Research Council, working at the MIT-run Radiation Laboratory on radar research and development. He developed a fast-scan radar antennae that became known as the "Foster scanner". He returned to McGill in 1944, where he directed the construction of a 100-MeV cyclotron. This instrument was commissioned in 1949. At the time this was the second largest in the world. From 1952 until 1954 he was Chairman of the Physics Department at McGill. He died in Berkeley, California.
A.M. Kuzin (# 8)
A.M. Kuzin from Russia authored “The Danger of Nuclear Tests for Humanity” at the 1957 Pugwash Conference.
A.M. B. Lacassagne (#6) (1884-1971)
Lacassagne with Anne Eaton
Professor A.M. B. Lacassagne from France was a pioneer in the fields on oncology and radiation research.
1950 Chair, first international cancer meeting in Paris.
1953 With J. Tréfouël, became a member of the advisory board for the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) on biological research.
1954-1971 Although retired, he continued to conduct research on rat liver cancer with Mrs. L. Corre-Hurst, at the Radium Institute laboratory ; the Institut Pasteur equipped the laboratory for his use.
1957 Participated in first meeting of the Pugwash movement, which sought to heighten awareness of the risks for humankind of nuclear weapons.
1957 Elected president of the Antoine Béclère center (international relationships in medical radiology).
1959 Elected president of the French National League Against Cancer ; established grants for young scientists seeking to conduct cancer research.
1964 Appointed member of the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) committee : Cellular and histological pathology, cancerology and radiopathology.
1965-1971 Since the Radium Institute laboratory was too small to accommodate current activities and research, he created a research center at the Lannelongue Institute (Vanves, France) with the assistance of INSERM funds. Continued research on chemical and hormonal cancer generation.
1966 Elected chair of the Association of Rationalist Doctors (A. Lwoff belongs to its honorary committee). The association advocates relaxing laws against medical abortion, among other health-related regulations.
1968 Lacassagne among the first 17 signatories of the Call to Intellectuals against the Vietnam War.
Herman J. Muller (#15)
(1890- )
Hermann Joseph Muller was born in New York City. He was brought up in Harlem, first attending public school there and later Morris High School (also public) in the Bronx. He won The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1946. In 1916 he was able to begin his investigation of the simultaneous inter-relationships of many linked genes, which supported the theory of crossing-over and constituted his thesis. At the same time he undertook his analysis of variable, multiple-factor, characters by means of the device of «marker genes». This extended the validity both of chromosomal inheritance and of gene stability, and led later (1916) to his theory of balanced lethals.
Called to the Rice Institute, Houston, as Instructor, by Julian Huxley, he taught varied biological courses (1915-1918), and began studies on mutation. He formulated in 1918 to 1926 the chief principles of spontaneous gene mutation as now recognized, including those of most mutations being detrimental and recessive, and being point effects of ultramicroscopic physico-chemical accidents arising in the course of random molecular motions (thermal agitation). At the same time he put forward the conception of the gene as constituting the basis of life, as well as of evolution, by virtue of its possessing the property of reproducing its own changes, and he represented this phenomenon as the cardinal problem of living matter.
In late 1926 he obtained critical evidence of the abundant production of gene mutations and chromosome changes by X-rays (published 1927). This opened the door to numerous researches, many of them carried on with the aid of students and co-workers, both at his own and other institutions, in the twenty years that followed. These have been briefly outlined in his Nobel Lecture, since they, together with the first discovery of the effect, constitute the work for which the Nobel Award was granted. The incidence of radiation damage to the bodies of the individuals that have themselves been exposed, as manifested in a long-term mortality or, in other words, life-span shortening or accelerated «ageing», was also investigated. Evidence was obtained that these effects are for the most part consequences of losses of chromosomes from dividing somatic cells, after these chromosomes have been broken by the radiation. It was pointed out that modern reproductive technologies, such as germ-cell banks, and liberalized mores now make possible the exercise of voluntary germinal choice in human reproduction, and that this procedure affords the practical solution necessary to enable cultural evolution to promote the biological evolution of man instead of perverting it.
Linus Carl Pauling
(1901-1994)
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author & educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history & ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry & molecular biology. Pauling is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people awarded Nobel Prizes in two different fields (Chemistry & Peace) - the other being Marie Curie (Chemistry & Physics) - & the only person awarded two unshared prizes. One person, Linus Pauling, has won two undivided Nobel Prizes. In 1954 he won the Prize for Chemistry. Eight years later he was awarded the Peace Prize for his opposition to weapons of mass destruction. The atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were a turning point in Pauling's life. Together with other scientists he spoke and wrote against the nuclear arms race, and he was a driving force in the Pugwash movement. It sought to reduce the role of nuclear arms in international politics and was awarded the Peace Prize in 1995. In 1959, Linus Pauling drafted the famous "Hiroshima Appeal", the concluding document issued after the Fifth World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs. He was one of the prime movers who urged the nuclear powers the USA, the Soviet Union and Great Britain to conclude a nuclear test ban treaty, which entered into force on 10 October 1963. On the same day, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Linus Pauling had won the Peace Prize that had been held over from 1962. Pauling has consistently supported peace. One of the initiators of the Pugwash conferences, Pauling was also the author in 1957 of a petition from American scientists to the US president demanding the immediate cessation of the testing of nuclear weapons. In the following year he drew up a similar petition that was presented to the UN and that was signed by more than 9,000 scientists from various countries. In his book No More War!, published in 1958, Pauling wrote: “The time has now come for man’s intellect to win out over the brutality, the insanity of war.” In 1965, Pauling signed the Declaration of Civil Disobedience and Conscience Against the War in Vietnam. Pauling also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1970. (Not at 1957 Pugwash Conference)
Iwao Ogawa (# 1)
Throughout his life, Dr. Iwao Ogawa has had the book by his side, a book with a blue cover given to him as a memento of his uncle. The book, on the evolution of physics, had been co-authored by Albert Einstein and his uncle. On his way home, the boy became absorbed in reading the illuminating book and made the firm decision, then and there, to pursue the path of physics. Dr. Ogawa, at 73, became a professor emeritus at Rikkyo University and a resident of Nerima Ward, Tokyo. His maternal uncle was the late Dr. Hideki Yukawa, a Nobel Prize laureate. The eminent book Dr. Yukawa wrote with Albert Einstein, the world’s premier physicist, served to link the two men and, later, Dr. Ogawa. That link, which would grow stronger over the years, led them to take part in peace efforts pursued by the scientific community.Back in 1957, the village of Pugwash was a poor village located on the east coast of Canada. In early July, Dr. Ogawa took part in an international conference for scientists that was held in this town, a town so small that it did not even appear on a map. For the first forum where scientists from the West and the East discussed the elimination of nuclear weapons and war, three Japanese scientists--Dr. Ogawa, his uncle Dr. Yukawa, and Dr. Shinichiro Tomomaga--traveled across the ocean to Canada. This was at a time when radioactive contamination was becoming a grave issue as a result of a series of hydrogen bomb tests conducted by the United States and the former Soviet Union. Scientists were concerned and a sense of crisis was rising within the scientific community. Dr. Ogawa, then an associate professor at Rikkyo University who had been engaged in measuring and studying the effects of radioactive fallout, was invited to the conference by Dr. Yukawa, who asked him to collect data in Japan and join the delegation. The discussions wore on until midnight. Dr. Ogawa took part in these discussions as well, contributing the contamination data from Japan. The debate, which lasted seven days, was vigorous, but even-tempered, and the scientists sought to avoid overstating or underestimating the threat of radioactive fallout. This first meeting of the “Pugwash Conferences,” which took on the name of the village, issued a statement which pointed out the damage caused by radiation exposure and appealed for action to halt nuclear testing and rid the world of war itself.Dr. Ogawa recalled the impassioned mood: “The meeting held a historic significance in that it opened a crack in the wall of the ‘iron curtain’ separating East and West, which had no contact with each other at the time, and enabled the scientists to speak together freely.”
Sir Marcus Oliphant (#20)
(1901-2000)
Sir Marcus Oliphant is a founding father of the Australian National University in Canberra and a former Governor of South Australia. He won the Exhibition Prize at Adelaide University in 1927 and was accepted by Cambridge University. While there, he was part of a team whose task was to split the atom. Oliphant was born in the hills outside Adelaide in 1901 into a middle class family. His formative years were shaped by a devotion to Christianity and belief in the importance of education, largely attributable to the influence of his mother, a schoolteacher. Although there was no direct scientific influence on his childhood, the young Mark always displayed an interest in scientific experimentation. 'I was always fooling about in the shed at the back of the garden,' he recalls,' with bits of wire and bits of wood, making what my brothers called my "raggedy, baggedy engines".' During World War Two, Oliphant developed the centimetre wave radar. His 'secret weapon of radar' became a decisive factor in winning the Battle of Britain. Working in England, he also became deeply nvolved in the development of the atomic bomb. In 1942 he flew to America and helped scientists build the terrifying new weapon. After the bomb was used against civilians in Hiroshima, Oliphant vowed never to have anything further to do with nuclear power for military means. A remarkable man, he went on to devote his considerable scientific talent and energies to finding peaceful uses for atomic power.
Chou Pei-Yuan (#2)
Chou Pei-Yuan, from China, journeyed to Pugwash in 1957. He taught physics at Harvard University. His daughter Susie Chou also became a physicist and came to speak at 2010 conference on Women in Peace at St. Mary’s University in Halifax, and like her father she came to Pugwash and shared her passion for peace. A Chinese delegation headed by Chou Pei-yuan then-president of Peking University in collaboration with the U.S. National Science Foundation arranged for a Chinese-United States student exchange. "The industrious and intelligent Americans stand in the forefront of science and technology, Pei-yuan said in an October 1978 Post article. We have come to learn from Americans.
Cecil. F. Powell (#5)
(1903 – 1969)
Cecil Frank Powell, was a British physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson), a heavy subatomic particle. Powell was born in Tonbridge, Kent, England. In 1936 he took part in an expedition to the West Indies as part of a study of volcanic activity,[1] and where he appears on a stamp issued in Grenada.[3] During his time at Bristol University Powell applied himself to the development of techniques for measuring the mobility of positive ions, to establishing the nature of the ions in common gases, and to the construction and use of a Cockcroft generator to study the scattering of atomic nuclei.[1] He also began to develop methods employing specialized photographic emulsions to facilitate the recording of the tracks of elementary particles, and in 1938 began applying this technique to the study of cosmic radiation,[1] exposing photographic plates at high-altitude, at the tops of mountains and using specially designed balloons. This work led in 1946 to the discovery of the pion (pi-meson),[5] which proved to be the hypothetical particle proposed in 1935 by Yukawa Hideki in his theory of nuclear physics.[6].[1] In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method".In 1955, Powell, also a member of the World Federation of Scientific Workers,[9] added his signature to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto put forward by Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein and scientist Joseph Rotblat, and was involved in preparations for the first Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs.[9] As Rotblat put it, "Cecil Powell has been the backbone of the Pugwash Movement. He gave it coherence, endurance and vitality." Powell chaired the meetings of the Pugwash Continuing Committee, often standing in for Bertrand Russell, and attended meetings until 1968.[10]
Eugene Rabinowitch (#9)
(1901–1973)
Eugene Rabinowitch was a Russian-born American biophysicist who is best known for his work in relation to nuclear weapons, especially as a co-author of the Franck Report and a co-founder in 1945 of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a global security and public policy magazine, which he edited until his death. During World War II, Rabinowitch, a Russian émigré, worked in the Metallurgical Laboratory, the Manhattan Project's division at the University of Chicago. At that time he was a member of the Committee on Political and Social Problems, chaired by James Franck. Rabinowitch wrote what became known as the Franck Report. The report recommended that nuclear energy be brought under civilian rather than military control and argued that the United States should demonstrate the atomic bomb to world leaders in an uninhabited desert or barren island before using it in combat. The social and ethical concerns expressed in the Franck Report translated into the guiding principles of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, founded by Rabinowitch and fellow physicist Hyman Goldsmith. In the twenty-fifth anniversary issue of the Bulletin, Rabinowitch wrote that the magazine's purpose "was to awaken the public to full understanding of the horrendous reality of nuclear weapons and of their far-reaching implications for the future of mankind; to warn of the inevitability of other nations acquiring nuclear weapons within a few years, and of the futility of relying on America's possession of the 'secret' of the bomb." Over the years, Rabinowitch wrote more than 100 articles for the magazine, most of them editorials.
Walter Selove (#18)
(? – 2010)
Dr. Walter Selove, professor emeritus of physics, died August 24, 2010 at the age of 88. Born in Chicago, Dr. Selove received his bachelor’s, master’s and PhD all from the University of Chicago in the 1940s. He began teaching at Penn in 1957. Prior to that, he worked at the MIT Radiation Laboratory and the National Laboratories at Argonne and Livermore, and taught for six years at Harvard University. Dr. Selove was a National Research Council Fellow, and NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellow and a Guggenheim Fellow. He is credited with building the first “fast-chopper” neutron spectrometer, which measures neutron cross-sections in the “resonance” region for separated isotopes. He also detected, along with others, the third meson resonance, which he named F-zero in honor of his wife, Dr. Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, professor emerita of physics. Dr. Selove, along with his colleages, started the high energy physics grant at Penn around 1957. He is credited, along with Howard Brody, with discovering the first evidence of Regge-pole behavior of nucleons. He developed the first two-dimensional particle calorimeter and observed the first hadron jets from quark-quark scattering. Dr. Selove has patents on aspects of radar.
Dmitri Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn (#11)
(1892 - )
Dmitri Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn (Russian: Дмитрий Владимирович Скобельцын) (born November 24, 1892, Saint Petersburg – November 16, 1990) was a Soviet physicist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Dmitri Skobeltsyn was awarded the Stalin Prize (1950), six Orders of Lenin, two other orders, and numerous medals. In 1923, while using a cloud chamber[1] to try to detect gamma radiation in cosmic rays, Skobeltsyn detected particles that acted like electrons but curved in the opposite direction in an applied magnetic field. He was puzzled by these results, and they remained unexplained until the discovery of the positron in 1931.[2]
Leo Szilard (#17)
(1898-1964)
Leó Szilárd was an Austro-Hungarian physicist & inventor who conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi & Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility of nuclear weapons, warning of German nuclear weapon project, and encouraging the development of a program that could result in their creation. With the help of Wigner and Edward Teller, he approached his old friend and collaborator Einstein in August 1939, and convinced him to sign the letter, lending his fame to the proposal.[48] The Einstein–Szilard letter resulted in the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government, and ultimately to the creation of the Manhattan Project. With an enduring passion for the preservation of human life and political freedom, Szilard hoped that the U.S. government would not use nuclear weapons, but that the mere threat of such weapons would force Germany and Japan to surrender. He also worried about the long-term implications of nuclear weapons, predicting that their use by the United States would start a nuclear arms race with Russia. He drafted the Szilard petition advocating demonstration of the atomic bomb. The Interim Committee instead chose to use atomic bombs against cities over the protests of Szilard and other scientists.[68] Afterwards, he lobbied for amendments to the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that placed nuclear energy under civilian control.[69]. Szilárd himself did not build all of these devices or publish these ideas in scientific journals. So their credit often went to others. As a result, Szilárd never received the Nobel Prize, but two of his inventions did.
Hans Thirring (#16)
(1888-1976)
Hans Thirring (March 23, 1888 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary – March 22, 1976 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian theoretical physicist, professor, and father of the physicist Walter Thirring. Together with the mathematician Josef Lense, he is known for the prediction of the Lense-Thirring frame dragging effect of general relativity in 1918.[1][2][3] He received a deferrment during World War I because he had broken one of his feet while skiing. He was a leading pacifist before the Anschluss and after World War II. But he could not save his older son, who was declared missing in action during the final two months of World War II. His body was never located.[1][2][3]Hans Thirring served as assistant, professor, and head of the institute for theoretical physics of the University of Vienna until his forced retirement in 1938 after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. After the end of World War II, he was reinstated and became dean of the philosophical faculty in the years 1946-1947. He was also active in the Socialist Party of Austria and served as member of the Federal Council of Austria during 1957-1963.
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō (#4) (1906-1979)
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō, Shin’ichirō also spelled Sin-itiro (born March 31, 1906, Kyōto, Japan—died July 8, 1979, Tokyo), Japanese physicist, joint winner, with Richard P. Feynman and Julian S. Schwinger of the United States, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1965 for developing basic principles of quantum electrodynamics. Tomonaga became professor of physics at Bunrika University (later Tokyo University of Education) in 1941, the year he began his investigations of the problems of quantum electrodynamics. World War II isolated him from Western scientists, but in 1943 he completed and published his research. Tomonaga’s theoretical work made quantum electrodynamics (the theory of the interactions of charged subatomic particles with the electromagnetic field) consistent with the theory of special relativity. It was only after the war, in 1947, that his work came to the attention of the West, at about the same time that Feynman and Schwinger published the results of their research. It was found that all three had achieved essentially the same result from different approaches and had resolved the inconsistencies of the old theory without making any drastic changes. Tomonaga was president of the Tokyo University of Education from 1956 to 1962, and the following year he was named chairman of the Japan Science Council. Throughout his life Tomonaga actively campaigned against the spread of nuclear weapons and urged that resources be spent on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Most notable of his works available in English translation are Quantum Mechanics (1962) and his Nobel lecture Development of Quantum Electrodynamics: Personal Recollections (1966).
A.V. Topchiev (#4)
(1907-1962)
Born July 27 (Aug. 9), 1907, in the village of Mikhailovka, Volgograd Oblast; died Dec. 27, 1962, in Moscow. Soviet organic chemist. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1949). Member of the CPSU from 1932.Topchiev began working at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Engineering upon his graduation from the institute in 1930. In the years 1938–41, he was a professor at the Moscow Technological Institute of the Food Industry, and beginning in 1940, he also worked at the Moscow Petroleum Institute, serving as director there during the years 1943–47. From 1947 to 1949, Topchiev was deputy minister of higher education, and from 1949 to 1958 he was head scientific secretary of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1958 he became vice-president of the academy and director of the academy’s Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis. Topchiev’s research dealt mainly with the nitration, halogenation, polymerization, and alkylation of various classes of hydrocarbons. He also worked on synthesizing organosilicon compounds and studied the physical and chemical properties of these compounds. Topchiev was a deputy to the fourth and fifth convocations of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. He was a recipient of the State Prize of the USSR (1949), two Orders of Lenin, two other orders, and various medals. In 1958 he became a member of the permanent Pugwash committee.
Hidiki Yukawa
(1907-1981)
Hideki Yukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan, 1907, the third son of Takuji Ogawa, who later became Professor of Geology at Kyoto University. The future Laureate was brought up in Kyoto and graduated from the local university in 1929. Since that time he has been engaged on investigations in theoretical physics, particularly in the theory of elementary particles.
Yukawa gained the D.Sc. degree in 1938 and from the following year he has been, and still is, Professor of Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University. While at Osaka University, in 1935, he published a paper entitled "On the Interaction of Elementary Particles. I." (Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Japan, 17, p. 48), in which he proposed a new field theory of nuclear forces and predicted the existence of the meson. Encouraged by the discovery by American physicists of one type of meson in cosmic rays, in 1937, he devoted himself to the development of the meson theory, on the basis of his original idea. Since 1947 he has been working mainly on the general theory of elementary particles in connection with the concept of the "non-local" field.
The Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy was awarded to Yukawa in 1940; he received the Decoration of Cultural Merit in 1943, and the crowning award, the Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1949.
A large number of scientific papers have been published by him and many books, including Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (1946) and Introduction to the Theory of Elementary Particles (1948), both in Japanese, have come from his pen. A civic honour was awarded to him when he was created Honorary Citizen of the City of Kyoto, Japan.
Secretariats
Ruth Adams
(1923-2005)
Ruth Adams was born in Los Angeles, July 25, 1923, the older of two children. She grew up in mining camps in Nevada because of her father, a mining engineer, who, she once told the Washington Post, "was always looking for a pot of gold and never found it." He abandoned the family when she was quite young. Her mother supported Adams and her sister by becoming a rural visiting nurse in Minnesota[2]. She first entered the labor force in 1942 as recreation director in a wartime Oregon shipyard (and was terminated after organizing an interracial dance[3]. Ruth Adams became assistant editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1953 and worked closely with the editor, Eugene Rabinowitch. Adams was an early participant in the Pugwash peace movement, which brought together American and Soviet scientists concerned about the nuclear threat. She and Anne Jones (Eaton) were the only women present in 1957 at the first Pugwash conference. "She was as knowledgeable as many of the Pugwash participants, even though she was not a scientist," said Victor Rabinowitch, a friend of 50 years and chairman of Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. "She really believed in the importance of scientists in political roles. She held that view until her death -- that scientists had a unique responsibility to inform the public about the dangers of nuclear war." In the later decades of the Cold War she "frequently had a facilitating role in maintaining the flow of policy-oriented communication and understanding on nuclear issues between senior Western and Soviet scientists".[5] As at 1982, Ruth Adams served on the board of the Council for a Livable World as a Director for Nuclear Non-Proliferation. The Council was founded in 1962 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard and other scientists. Its purpose is to campaign against the proliferation of nuclear weapons through lobbying and by supporting candidates who share their vision.[9]"She was very interested in nuclear weapons, but also understood that the issues of poverty and development in Third World countries were as much a part of people's sense of security ... or insecurity as nuclear weapons are in the developed world," said Kennette Benedict, who succeeded Adams as director of the international peace and security program of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in Chicago[1].
Dr. E. H. S. Burhop
Proceedings of the 1957 Science and World Affairs in Pugwash on Nuclear Disarmament (These documents are available on Thinkerslodgeoralhistories.com under 1957 Conference)Part One
July 7 - 12, 1957: Published in 1982 on 25th anniversary and edited by Joseph Rotblat
Preface by Joseph Rotblat (p. iii)
Table of Contents (p. v & vi)
Invitation to the Conference (p. )
Letter from Cyrus Eaton (p. 2)
Letter from Bertrand Russell to Joseph Rotblat (pp. 5 - 8)
Draft Letter to Attendees (p. 9-10)
The Participants (pp. 11-13)
The Venue (p. 19)
The Programme (pp. 21-22)
Draft Agenda (pp. 23-25)
1957 Pre-conference Session - July 6th afternoon
Historical account of 1945 and decision to use atom bomb on Japanese cities
Szilard describes his WW II experiences
Szilard proposes questions to be answered during conference
Conference Papers from Committee One - Part One
Nuclear Energy Hazards in War and Peace by Joseph Rotblat (p. 66)
Somatic Hazards from Medical & Other Uses of Radiation by A.M.B. Lacassagne (p. 78)
Potential Hazards of Radiation by H. J. Muller (p. 82)
Conference Papers from Committee One - Part Two
Cont Mueller's Paper on Hazards of Radiation
The Danger of Nuclear Tests for Humanity by A. M Kuzin (p. 88)
Discussion of Radiation Hazards by the Advisotyr Panel to the US Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy by W. Selove (p. 95)
Radiation Studies in Japan by S. Tomonaga (p. 105)
Conference Papers from Committee Two
About Disarmament by E. Rabinowitch (p. 108)
Some Remarks on Nuclear Weapons by M. L. E. Oliphant (p. 118)
Steps to Disarmament by D. V. Skobeltzyn (p. 122)
The Psychological Background by G. Brock Chisholm (p. 125)
Comment on Bomb Tests by J. S. Foster (p. 133)
Conference Papers from Committee Three
The Significance of Our Times and the Social Responsibility of Scientists by C. F. Powell (p. 137)
Proposals Submitted to the Pugwash Conference by E. Rabinowitch (p. 147)
Proposal for the Establishment of an International Centre of Scientists Concerned with the Impact of Science on Public Affairs (p. 147)
Draft Statement of Principles (p. 149)
Draft of an Appeal (p. 152)
Points for a Short document on the Responsibilities of Scientists and the Public (p. 154) drafted by J. Bronwski
The Responsibilities of Scientists byChou Pei-Yuan (p. 156)
The Responsbilitiy of Scientists by H. Thirring (p. 159)
Appendix
Proclamation of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto Peace Conference by Earl Russell July 9th, 1955 (p. 163)
Back to Pugwash 45 years - Patrick Boyer describes history of the global movement at 53rd World Conference and recounts the beginning in July 1957 and traces its history.
Signers of the Einstein-Russell Manifesto
Max Born – GER – Nobel Physics Prize
Leopold Infeld -USA
Linus Carl Pauling – USA – Nobel Physics Prize
Bertrand Russell – UK
P. W. Bridgeman –USA – Nobel Prize Physics
Frédéric Joliot-Curie- FRA (Nobel Chemistry Prize)
Cecil Powell – UK – Nobel Physics Prize
Hidiki Yukawa –Japan – Nobel Physics Prize
Albert Einstein -UK– Nobel Prize Physics
Paul Hermann Muller – Switzerland
Nobel Prize Physiology of Medicine
Joseph Rotblat –UK - Nobel Peace Prize
Nobel Prize Winners – Participants of 1957 Conference
Albert Einstein
Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph Rotblat
Nobel Peace Prize
Hermann Joseph Muller
The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō
Nobel Prize for Physics
Linus Pauling
Nobel Peace Prize; Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Leo Szilárd
Never received the Nobel Prize, but two of his inventions did
Linus Carl Powell
Nobel Prize in Physics
Hideki Yukawa
Nobel Prize for Physics
- I. Ogawa; 2. Chou Pei-Yuan; 3. V.P. Pavlichenko, 4.S. Tomonaga, 5. C. F. Powel, 6. A.M. B. Lacassagne, 7. A. V. Topchiev, 8. A. M. Kuzin, 9. E. Rabinowitch, 10. G. Brock Chisholm, 11. D. V. Skobeltzy, 12. J. S. Foster, 13. C. S. Eaton, 14., J. Rotblat, 15. H.J. Muller, 16. H. Thirring, 17. L Szilard, 18. W. Selove, 19. E. Burhop, 20. M. Oliphant, 21. M. Danysz; Missing: D. F. Cavers, P. Doty, V.f. Weisskopf, & H. Yukawa
Joseph Rotblat (#14)
[1908-2005]
Sir Joseph Rotblat - born Józef Rotblat - was a Polish-born & British-naturalised physicist & the only scientist ever to resign from the Manhattan Project. His work on nuclear fallout was a major contribution to the agreement of the Partial Test Ban Treaty. A signatory of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, he was secretary general of the Pugwash Conferences on Science & World Affairs from its founding until 1973. In conjunction with the Pugwash Conferences, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for their efforts towards nuclear disarmament. “It may be worth reminding one another of the fact that nuclear weapons have been used in war, admittedly in an extreme situation, but not by an irrational despot or under the naïve illusion of their relative innocence. Extreme situations may arise again. What guarantee is there that nuclear weapons will not be used again? In the short term, the risk can be lessened by reducing nuclear arsenals. But the longer-term aim must be to destroy all such weapons, as the United Nations argued in 1946. Since we have no way of banning knowledge concerning nuclear weapons, the only guarantee that they will never be used is, in the last analysis, probably a world without war.
Bertrand Russell
[1872-1970]
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Bertrand Russell was a Welsh philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian & social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist & a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these things in any profound sense. He was born in Wales, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain. Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 1900's. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege & his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein, & is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. He co-authored, with Albert North Whitehead, "Principia Mathematica," an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see type theory and type system) & philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology & metaphysics. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed free trade & anti-imperialism. Russell went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the USA's involvement in the Vietnam War & was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. One of his last acts was to issue a statement which condemned Israeli aggression in the Middle East. In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals & freedom of thought." He was not at ‘57 Pugwash Conf.
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955)
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics & one of the most prolific intellects in human history. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics & quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole. He was visiting the USA when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 & did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the USA, becoming a citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon & recommended that the US begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Cyrus Eaton (#13)
1883-1979
Cyrus Eaton was born in Pugwash River, Nova Scotia. He became investment banker, businessman & philanthropist in the USA, with a career that spanned 70 years. For decades one of the most powerful financiers in the American midwest, Cyrus Eaton was also a colorful & often-controversial figure. He was chiefly known for his longevity in business, for his opposition to the dominance of eastern financiers in the America of his day, for his occasionally ruthless financial manipulations & for his outspoken criticism of America’s Cold War brinkmanship. He funded & helped organize the first Pugwash Conferences on World Peace, in 1957 and hosted it in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. For the rest of his life he put energy in bringing educators, scientists, and insightful to Thinkers Lodge in Pugwash, NS to share ideas and work toward practical solutions to problems that plagued the world. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1960 and the Canadian Federalist Peace Award jointly with his wife Anne Kinder Eaton in 1979. The people of Pugwash were key to making the conference attendees relax and trust each other as they tackled complex problems.
D. F. Cavers
(1903 -1988)
David F. Cavers, from the UA, retired Fessenden Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School, died on March 4. He was 85 years old. Professor Cavers taught at the law school from 1946 until 1969 and was its first associate dean. He was a specialist in the field of conflicts of law, the process of resolving conflicts between the laws of different jurisdictions. His writings on the subject over a period of 50 years were collected in ''Choice of Law,'' published by Duke University Press in 1985.
G. Brock Chisholm (#10)
(1896-1971)
George Brock Chisholm, was a Canadian First World War veteran, medical practitioner, the first Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), and the 13th Canadian Surgeon General. He was a strong advocate of religious tolerance and often commented that man's worst enemy was not disease, which he felt was curable as long as men worked together. Chisholm was born in Oakville, Ontario. After the war, Chisholm pursued his lifelong passion of medicine, earning his M.D. from the University of Toronto by 1924 before interning in England, where he specialized in psychiatry. After six years in general practice in his native Oakville, he attended Yale University where he specialized in the mental health of children. During this time, Chisholm developed his strong Marxist view that children should be raised in an "as intellectually free environment" as possible, independent of the prejudices and biases (political, moral and religious) of their parents. He joined the war effort as a psychiatrist dealing with psychological aspects of soldier training, before rising to the rank of Director General of the Medical Services, the highest position within the medical ranks of the Canadian Army. That same year, Chisholm took his views to the international scene, becoming the Executive Secretary of the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization, based in Geneva, Switzerland. He was one of 16 international experts consulted in drafting the agency's first constitution. The WHO became a permanent UN fixture in April 1948, and Chisholm became the agency's first Director-General. Chisholm was now in the unique position of being able to bring his views on the importance of international mental and physical health to the world. Refusing re-election, he occupied the post until 1953, during which time the WHO dealt successfully with a cholera epidemic in Egypt, malaria outbreaks in Greece and Sardinia, and introduced shortwave epidemic-warning services for ships at sea.
M. Danysz (#21)
(1909-1983)
Marian Danysz, Danysz (March 17, 1909 – February 9, 1983) was a Polish physicist. son of Jan Kazimierz. In 1952, he co-discovered with J. Pniewski a new kind of matter, an atom nucleus, which alongside a proton and neutron contains a third particle: the lambda hyperon. Ten years later, they obtained a hyper-nucleus in excited state, and the following year a hyper-nucleus with two lambda hyperons.
Paul Doty
(1920- 2011)
Paul Doty - During his forty-two years on the Harvard University faculty, Doty embraced two careers: one in biochemistry, where he founded the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the other in science policy and international security studies, where he founded the Center for Science and International Affairs in 1973. Doty's research focus was on the structure and functioning of large molecules progressively moving from polymeric molecules which constitute plastics and fibers, to polypeptides and polynucleotides which consist of single repeating units of the kind involved in proteins and nucleic acids and then on to proteins and nucleic acids. Doty's second career had its origins in his graduate student days at Columbia. During this time he worked on isotope separation at the beginning of the Manhattan Project and attended courses by its leaders: Fermi, Rabi, Teller, and Urey. In 1957 he served as chairman of the Federation of American Scientists and attended the first unofficial meeting of nuclear scientists in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. Here he made contact with Soviet counterparts and decided that there was a niche to be filled by promoting informed examination of the technical aspects related to avoiding nuclear war outside official channels. In 1958 he made his first of what would come to be 42 trips to the Soviet Union mostly in pursuit of this goal. In the same year he undertook two initiatives. One was to form in the National Academy of Sciences a Committee to promote and oversee the exchange of Soviet and American scientists for research purposes and to organize two large scale Pugwash Conferences, one in Moscow (1960), the other in the U.S. (1961). These conferences established, for the first time that unofficial international discussions among scientists on nuclear problems and scientific collaboration could play a useful role despite the polarization of the Cold War. By 1964 Doty redirected most of his efforts from the multilateral Pugwash conferences to form a bilateral Soviet- American Group co-chaired by Millionshchikov, first vice-president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and himself. This group was widely thought to have contributed critically to inducing the Soviet Union to negotiate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty concluded in 1972 .In 1971 Doty began a series of annual summer workshops on arms control at the Aspen Institute in Colorado. He served as chairman until 1984. Meanwhile in 1976, Doty became a Board member of the newly formed Aspen Institute Berlin where he initiated summer workshops on European Security.
John S. Foster (#12)
1890-1964
Dr. John Stuart Foster, a nuclear physicist was a leader in the postwar establishment of nuclear studies in Canada. Dr. Foster was founder and first director of the McGill University Radiation Laboratory. He was graduated from Arcadia University in Nova Scotia, served in the United States Army in World War I and received a doctorate from Yale University in 1921. Three years later, he joined the McGill faculty and later became MacDonald Professor of Physics. In 1926‐27, Dr. Foster studied at the institute of Dr. Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist. From this came important theoretical advanced experiments on what is known as the Stark Effect, the effect of strong electrical fields on the helium atom.
Born in Clarence, Nova Scotia, he completed his Ph.D. at Yale University with a dissertation on the first measurements of the Stark effect in Helium. In 1924 he gained an appointment as assistant professor at McGill University in Montreal where he taught physics. During the World War II he served as a liaison officer for the National Research Council, working at the MIT-run Radiation Laboratory on radar research and development. He developed a fast-scan radar antennae that became known as the "Foster scanner". He returned to McGill in 1944, where he directed the construction of a 100-MeV cyclotron. This instrument was commissioned in 1949. At the time this was the second largest in the world. From 1952 until 1954 he was Chairman of the Physics Department at McGill. He died in Berkeley, California.
A.M. Kuzin (# 8)
A.M. Kuzin from Russia authored “The Danger of Nuclear Tests for Humanity” at the 1957 Pugwash Conference.
A.M. B. Lacassagne (#6) (1884-1971)
Lacassagne with Anne Eaton
Professor A.M. B. Lacassagne from France was a pioneer in the fields on oncology and radiation research.
1950 Chair, first international cancer meeting in Paris.
1953 With J. Tréfouël, became a member of the advisory board for the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) on biological research.
1954-1971 Although retired, he continued to conduct research on rat liver cancer with Mrs. L. Corre-Hurst, at the Radium Institute laboratory ; the Institut Pasteur equipped the laboratory for his use.
1957 Participated in first meeting of the Pugwash movement, which sought to heighten awareness of the risks for humankind of nuclear weapons.
1957 Elected president of the Antoine Béclère center (international relationships in medical radiology).
1959 Elected president of the French National League Against Cancer ; established grants for young scientists seeking to conduct cancer research.
1964 Appointed member of the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) committee : Cellular and histological pathology, cancerology and radiopathology.
1965-1971 Since the Radium Institute laboratory was too small to accommodate current activities and research, he created a research center at the Lannelongue Institute (Vanves, France) with the assistance of INSERM funds. Continued research on chemical and hormonal cancer generation.
1966 Elected chair of the Association of Rationalist Doctors (A. Lwoff belongs to its honorary committee). The association advocates relaxing laws against medical abortion, among other health-related regulations.
1968 Lacassagne among the first 17 signatories of the Call to Intellectuals against the Vietnam War.
Herman J. Muller (#15)
(1890- )
Hermann Joseph Muller was born in New York City. He was brought up in Harlem, first attending public school there and later Morris High School (also public) in the Bronx. He won The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1946. In 1916 he was able to begin his investigation of the simultaneous inter-relationships of many linked genes, which supported the theory of crossing-over and constituted his thesis. At the same time he undertook his analysis of variable, multiple-factor, characters by means of the device of «marker genes». This extended the validity both of chromosomal inheritance and of gene stability, and led later (1916) to his theory of balanced lethals.
Called to the Rice Institute, Houston, as Instructor, by Julian Huxley, he taught varied biological courses (1915-1918), and began studies on mutation. He formulated in 1918 to 1926 the chief principles of spontaneous gene mutation as now recognized, including those of most mutations being detrimental and recessive, and being point effects of ultramicroscopic physico-chemical accidents arising in the course of random molecular motions (thermal agitation). At the same time he put forward the conception of the gene as constituting the basis of life, as well as of evolution, by virtue of its possessing the property of reproducing its own changes, and he represented this phenomenon as the cardinal problem of living matter.
In late 1926 he obtained critical evidence of the abundant production of gene mutations and chromosome changes by X-rays (published 1927). This opened the door to numerous researches, many of them carried on with the aid of students and co-workers, both at his own and other institutions, in the twenty years that followed. These have been briefly outlined in his Nobel Lecture, since they, together with the first discovery of the effect, constitute the work for which the Nobel Award was granted. The incidence of radiation damage to the bodies of the individuals that have themselves been exposed, as manifested in a long-term mortality or, in other words, life-span shortening or accelerated «ageing», was also investigated. Evidence was obtained that these effects are for the most part consequences of losses of chromosomes from dividing somatic cells, after these chromosomes have been broken by the radiation. It was pointed out that modern reproductive technologies, such as germ-cell banks, and liberalized mores now make possible the exercise of voluntary germinal choice in human reproduction, and that this procedure affords the practical solution necessary to enable cultural evolution to promote the biological evolution of man instead of perverting it.
Linus Carl Pauling
(1901-1994)
not attend conference in 1957
signer of Manifesto
Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author & educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history & ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry & molecular biology. Pauling is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people awarded Nobel Prizes in two different fields (Chemistry & Peace) - the other being Marie Curie (Chemistry & Physics) - & the only person awarded two unshared prizes. One person, Linus Pauling, has won two undivided Nobel Prizes. In 1954 he won the Prize for Chemistry. Eight years later he was awarded the Peace Prize for his opposition to weapons of mass destruction. The atom bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were a turning point in Pauling's life. Together with other scientists he spoke and wrote against the nuclear arms race, and he was a driving force in the Pugwash movement. It sought to reduce the role of nuclear arms in international politics and was awarded the Peace Prize in 1995. In 1959, Linus Pauling drafted the famous "Hiroshima Appeal", the concluding document issued after the Fifth World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs. He was one of the prime movers who urged the nuclear powers the USA, the Soviet Union and Great Britain to conclude a nuclear test ban treaty, which entered into force on 10 October 1963. On the same day, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Linus Pauling had won the Peace Prize that had been held over from 1962. Pauling has consistently supported peace. One of the initiators of the Pugwash conferences, Pauling was also the author in 1957 of a petition from American scientists to the US president demanding the immediate cessation of the testing of nuclear weapons. In the following year he drew up a similar petition that was presented to the UN and that was signed by more than 9,000 scientists from various countries. In his book No More War!, published in 1958, Pauling wrote: “The time has now come for man’s intellect to win out over the brutality, the insanity of war.” In 1965, Pauling signed the Declaration of Civil Disobedience and Conscience Against the War in Vietnam. Pauling also won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1970. (Not at 1957 Pugwash Conference)
Iwao Ogawa (# 1)
Throughout his life, Dr. Iwao Ogawa has had the book by his side, a book with a blue cover given to him as a memento of his uncle. The book, on the evolution of physics, had been co-authored by Albert Einstein and his uncle. On his way home, the boy became absorbed in reading the illuminating book and made the firm decision, then and there, to pursue the path of physics. Dr. Ogawa, at 73, became a professor emeritus at Rikkyo University and a resident of Nerima Ward, Tokyo. His maternal uncle was the late Dr. Hideki Yukawa, a Nobel Prize laureate. The eminent book Dr. Yukawa wrote with Albert Einstein, the world’s premier physicist, served to link the two men and, later, Dr. Ogawa. That link, which would grow stronger over the years, led them to take part in peace efforts pursued by the scientific community.Back in 1957, the village of Pugwash was a poor village located on the east coast of Canada. In early July, Dr. Ogawa took part in an international conference for scientists that was held in this town, a town so small that it did not even appear on a map. For the first forum where scientists from the West and the East discussed the elimination of nuclear weapons and war, three Japanese scientists--Dr. Ogawa, his uncle Dr. Yukawa, and Dr. Shinichiro Tomomaga--traveled across the ocean to Canada. This was at a time when radioactive contamination was becoming a grave issue as a result of a series of hydrogen bomb tests conducted by the United States and the former Soviet Union. Scientists were concerned and a sense of crisis was rising within the scientific community. Dr. Ogawa, then an associate professor at Rikkyo University who had been engaged in measuring and studying the effects of radioactive fallout, was invited to the conference by Dr. Yukawa, who asked him to collect data in Japan and join the delegation. The discussions wore on until midnight. Dr. Ogawa took part in these discussions as well, contributing the contamination data from Japan. The debate, which lasted seven days, was vigorous, but even-tempered, and the scientists sought to avoid overstating or underestimating the threat of radioactive fallout. This first meeting of the “Pugwash Conferences,” which took on the name of the village, issued a statement which pointed out the damage caused by radiation exposure and appealed for action to halt nuclear testing and rid the world of war itself.Dr. Ogawa recalled the impassioned mood: “The meeting held a historic significance in that it opened a crack in the wall of the ‘iron curtain’ separating East and West, which had no contact with each other at the time, and enabled the scientists to speak together freely.”
Sir Marcus Oliphant (#20)
(1901-2000)
Sir Marcus Oliphant is a founding father of the Australian National University in Canberra and a former Governor of South Australia. He won the Exhibition Prize at Adelaide University in 1927 and was accepted by Cambridge University. While there, he was part of a team whose task was to split the atom. Oliphant was born in the hills outside Adelaide in 1901 into a middle class family. His formative years were shaped by a devotion to Christianity and belief in the importance of education, largely attributable to the influence of his mother, a schoolteacher. Although there was no direct scientific influence on his childhood, the young Mark always displayed an interest in scientific experimentation. 'I was always fooling about in the shed at the back of the garden,' he recalls,' with bits of wire and bits of wood, making what my brothers called my "raggedy, baggedy engines".' During World War Two, Oliphant developed the centimetre wave radar. His 'secret weapon of radar' became a decisive factor in winning the Battle of Britain. Working in England, he also became deeply nvolved in the development of the atomic bomb. In 1942 he flew to America and helped scientists build the terrifying new weapon. After the bomb was used against civilians in Hiroshima, Oliphant vowed never to have anything further to do with nuclear power for military means. A remarkable man, he went on to devote his considerable scientific talent and energies to finding peaceful uses for atomic power.
Chou Pei-Yuan (#2)
Chou Pei-Yuan, from China, journeyed to Pugwash in 1957. He taught physics at Harvard University. His daughter Susie Chou also became a physicist and came to speak at 2010 conference on Women in Peace at St. Mary’s University in Halifax, and like her father she came to Pugwash and shared her passion for peace. A Chinese delegation headed by Chou Pei-yuan then-president of Peking University in collaboration with the U.S. National Science Foundation arranged for a Chinese-United States student exchange. "The industrious and intelligent Americans stand in the forefront of science and technology, Pei-yuan said in an October 1978 Post article. We have come to learn from Americans.
Cecil. F. Powell (#5)
(1903 – 1969)
Cecil Frank Powell, was a British physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson), a heavy subatomic particle. Powell was born in Tonbridge, Kent, England. In 1936 he took part in an expedition to the West Indies as part of a study of volcanic activity,[1] and where he appears on a stamp issued in Grenada.[3] During his time at Bristol University Powell applied himself to the development of techniques for measuring the mobility of positive ions, to establishing the nature of the ions in common gases, and to the construction and use of a Cockcroft generator to study the scattering of atomic nuclei.[1] He also began to develop methods employing specialized photographic emulsions to facilitate the recording of the tracks of elementary particles, and in 1938 began applying this technique to the study of cosmic radiation,[1] exposing photographic plates at high-altitude, at the tops of mountains and using specially designed balloons. This work led in 1946 to the discovery of the pion (pi-meson),[5] which proved to be the hypothetical particle proposed in 1935 by Yukawa Hideki in his theory of nuclear physics.[6].[1] In 1950 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method".In 1955, Powell, also a member of the World Federation of Scientific Workers,[9] added his signature to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto put forward by Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein and scientist Joseph Rotblat, and was involved in preparations for the first Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs.[9] As Rotblat put it, "Cecil Powell has been the backbone of the Pugwash Movement. He gave it coherence, endurance and vitality." Powell chaired the meetings of the Pugwash Continuing Committee, often standing in for Bertrand Russell, and attended meetings until 1968.[10]
Eugene Rabinowitch (#9)
(1901–1973)
Eugene Rabinowitch was a Russian-born American biophysicist who is best known for his work in relation to nuclear weapons, especially as a co-author of the Franck Report and a co-founder in 1945 of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a global security and public policy magazine, which he edited until his death. During World War II, Rabinowitch, a Russian émigré, worked in the Metallurgical Laboratory, the Manhattan Project's division at the University of Chicago. At that time he was a member of the Committee on Political and Social Problems, chaired by James Franck. Rabinowitch wrote what became known as the Franck Report. The report recommended that nuclear energy be brought under civilian rather than military control and argued that the United States should demonstrate the atomic bomb to world leaders in an uninhabited desert or barren island before using it in combat. The social and ethical concerns expressed in the Franck Report translated into the guiding principles of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, founded by Rabinowitch and fellow physicist Hyman Goldsmith. In the twenty-fifth anniversary issue of the Bulletin, Rabinowitch wrote that the magazine's purpose "was to awaken the public to full understanding of the horrendous reality of nuclear weapons and of their far-reaching implications for the future of mankind; to warn of the inevitability of other nations acquiring nuclear weapons within a few years, and of the futility of relying on America's possession of the 'secret' of the bomb." Over the years, Rabinowitch wrote more than 100 articles for the magazine, most of them editorials.
Walter Selove (#18)
(? – 2010)
Dr. Walter Selove, professor emeritus of physics, died August 24, 2010 at the age of 88. Born in Chicago, Dr. Selove received his bachelor’s, master’s and PhD all from the University of Chicago in the 1940s. He began teaching at Penn in 1957. Prior to that, he worked at the MIT Radiation Laboratory and the National Laboratories at Argonne and Livermore, and taught for six years at Harvard University. Dr. Selove was a National Research Council Fellow, and NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellow and a Guggenheim Fellow. He is credited with building the first “fast-chopper” neutron spectrometer, which measures neutron cross-sections in the “resonance” region for separated isotopes. He also detected, along with others, the third meson resonance, which he named F-zero in honor of his wife, Dr. Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, professor emerita of physics. Dr. Selove, along with his colleages, started the high energy physics grant at Penn around 1957. He is credited, along with Howard Brody, with discovering the first evidence of Regge-pole behavior of nucleons. He developed the first two-dimensional particle calorimeter and observed the first hadron jets from quark-quark scattering. Dr. Selove has patents on aspects of radar.
Dmitri Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn (#11)
(1892 - )
Dmitri Vladimirovich Skobeltsyn (Russian: Дмитрий Владимирович Скобельцын) (born November 24, 1892, Saint Petersburg – November 16, 1990) was a Soviet physicist, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Dmitri Skobeltsyn was awarded the Stalin Prize (1950), six Orders of Lenin, two other orders, and numerous medals. In 1923, while using a cloud chamber[1] to try to detect gamma radiation in cosmic rays, Skobeltsyn detected particles that acted like electrons but curved in the opposite direction in an applied magnetic field. He was puzzled by these results, and they remained unexplained until the discovery of the positron in 1931.[2]
Leo Szilard (#17)
(1898-1964)
Leó Szilárd was an Austro-Hungarian physicist & inventor who conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi & Szilard drafted a confidential letter to the President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, explaining the possibility of nuclear weapons, warning of German nuclear weapon project, and encouraging the development of a program that could result in their creation. With the help of Wigner and Edward Teller, he approached his old friend and collaborator Einstein in August 1939, and convinced him to sign the letter, lending his fame to the proposal.[48] The Einstein–Szilard letter resulted in the establishment of research into nuclear fission by the U.S. government, and ultimately to the creation of the Manhattan Project. With an enduring passion for the preservation of human life and political freedom, Szilard hoped that the U.S. government would not use nuclear weapons, but that the mere threat of such weapons would force Germany and Japan to surrender. He also worried about the long-term implications of nuclear weapons, predicting that their use by the United States would start a nuclear arms race with Russia. He drafted the Szilard petition advocating demonstration of the atomic bomb. The Interim Committee instead chose to use atomic bombs against cities over the protests of Szilard and other scientists.[68] Afterwards, he lobbied for amendments to the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that placed nuclear energy under civilian control.[69]. Szilárd himself did not build all of these devices or publish these ideas in scientific journals. So their credit often went to others. As a result, Szilárd never received the Nobel Prize, but two of his inventions did.
Hans Thirring (#16)
(1888-1976)
Hans Thirring (March 23, 1888 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary – March 22, 1976 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian theoretical physicist, professor, and father of the physicist Walter Thirring. Together with the mathematician Josef Lense, he is known for the prediction of the Lense-Thirring frame dragging effect of general relativity in 1918.[1][2][3] He received a deferrment during World War I because he had broken one of his feet while skiing. He was a leading pacifist before the Anschluss and after World War II. But he could not save his older son, who was declared missing in action during the final two months of World War II. His body was never located.[1][2][3]Hans Thirring served as assistant, professor, and head of the institute for theoretical physics of the University of Vienna until his forced retirement in 1938 after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. After the end of World War II, he was reinstated and became dean of the philosophical faculty in the years 1946-1947. He was also active in the Socialist Party of Austria and served as member of the Federal Council of Austria during 1957-1963.
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō (#4) (1906-1979)
Tomonaga Shin’ichirō, Shin’ichirō also spelled Sin-itiro (born March 31, 1906, Kyōto, Japan—died July 8, 1979, Tokyo), Japanese physicist, joint winner, with Richard P. Feynman and Julian S. Schwinger of the United States, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1965 for developing basic principles of quantum electrodynamics. Tomonaga became professor of physics at Bunrika University (later Tokyo University of Education) in 1941, the year he began his investigations of the problems of quantum electrodynamics. World War II isolated him from Western scientists, but in 1943 he completed and published his research. Tomonaga’s theoretical work made quantum electrodynamics (the theory of the interactions of charged subatomic particles with the electromagnetic field) consistent with the theory of special relativity. It was only after the war, in 1947, that his work came to the attention of the West, at about the same time that Feynman and Schwinger published the results of their research. It was found that all three had achieved essentially the same result from different approaches and had resolved the inconsistencies of the old theory without making any drastic changes. Tomonaga was president of the Tokyo University of Education from 1956 to 1962, and the following year he was named chairman of the Japan Science Council. Throughout his life Tomonaga actively campaigned against the spread of nuclear weapons and urged that resources be spent on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Most notable of his works available in English translation are Quantum Mechanics (1962) and his Nobel lecture Development of Quantum Electrodynamics: Personal Recollections (1966).
A.V. Topchiev (#4)
(1907-1962)
Born July 27 (Aug. 9), 1907, in the village of Mikhailovka, Volgograd Oblast; died Dec. 27, 1962, in Moscow. Soviet organic chemist. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1949). Member of the CPSU from 1932.Topchiev began working at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Engineering upon his graduation from the institute in 1930. In the years 1938–41, he was a professor at the Moscow Technological Institute of the Food Industry, and beginning in 1940, he also worked at the Moscow Petroleum Institute, serving as director there during the years 1943–47. From 1947 to 1949, Topchiev was deputy minister of higher education, and from 1949 to 1958 he was head scientific secretary of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1958 he became vice-president of the academy and director of the academy’s Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis. Topchiev’s research dealt mainly with the nitration, halogenation, polymerization, and alkylation of various classes of hydrocarbons. He also worked on synthesizing organosilicon compounds and studied the physical and chemical properties of these compounds. Topchiev was a deputy to the fourth and fifth convocations of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. He was a recipient of the State Prize of the USSR (1949), two Orders of Lenin, two other orders, and various medals. In 1958 he became a member of the permanent Pugwash committee.
Hidiki Yukawa
(1907-1981)
Hideki Yukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan, 1907, the third son of Takuji Ogawa, who later became Professor of Geology at Kyoto University. The future Laureate was brought up in Kyoto and graduated from the local university in 1929. Since that time he has been engaged on investigations in theoretical physics, particularly in the theory of elementary particles.
Yukawa gained the D.Sc. degree in 1938 and from the following year he has been, and still is, Professor of Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University. While at Osaka University, in 1935, he published a paper entitled "On the Interaction of Elementary Particles. I." (Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Japan, 17, p. 48), in which he proposed a new field theory of nuclear forces and predicted the existence of the meson. Encouraged by the discovery by American physicists of one type of meson in cosmic rays, in 1937, he devoted himself to the development of the meson theory, on the basis of his original idea. Since 1947 he has been working mainly on the general theory of elementary particles in connection with the concept of the "non-local" field.
The Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy was awarded to Yukawa in 1940; he received the Decoration of Cultural Merit in 1943, and the crowning award, the Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1949.
A large number of scientific papers have been published by him and many books, including Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (1946) and Introduction to the Theory of Elementary Particles (1948), both in Japanese, have come from his pen. A civic honour was awarded to him when he was created Honorary Citizen of the City of Kyoto, Japan.
Secretariats
Ruth Adams
(1923-2005)
Ruth Adams was born in Los Angeles, July 25, 1923, the older of two children. She grew up in mining camps in Nevada because of her father, a mining engineer, who, she once told the Washington Post, "was always looking for a pot of gold and never found it." He abandoned the family when she was quite young. Her mother supported Adams and her sister by becoming a rural visiting nurse in Minnesota[2]. She first entered the labor force in 1942 as recreation director in a wartime Oregon shipyard (and was terminated after organizing an interracial dance[3]. Ruth Adams became assistant editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1953 and worked closely with the editor, Eugene Rabinowitch. Adams was an early participant in the Pugwash peace movement, which brought together American and Soviet scientists concerned about the nuclear threat. She and Anne Jones (Eaton) were the only women present in 1957 at the first Pugwash conference. "She was as knowledgeable as many of the Pugwash participants, even though she was not a scientist," said Victor Rabinowitch, a friend of 50 years and chairman of Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. "She really believed in the importance of scientists in political roles. She held that view until her death -- that scientists had a unique responsibility to inform the public about the dangers of nuclear war." In the later decades of the Cold War she "frequently had a facilitating role in maintaining the flow of policy-oriented communication and understanding on nuclear issues between senior Western and Soviet scientists".[5] As at 1982, Ruth Adams served on the board of the Council for a Livable World as a Director for Nuclear Non-Proliferation. The Council was founded in 1962 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard and other scientists. Its purpose is to campaign against the proliferation of nuclear weapons through lobbying and by supporting candidates who share their vision.[9]"She was very interested in nuclear weapons, but also understood that the issues of poverty and development in Third World countries were as much a part of people's sense of security ... or insecurity as nuclear weapons are in the developed world," said Kennette Benedict, who succeeded Adams as director of the international peace and security program of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in Chicago[1].
Dr. E. H. S. Burhop
Proceedings of the 1957 Science and World Affairs in Pugwash on Nuclear Disarmament (These documents are available on Thinkerslodgeoralhistories.com under 1957 Conference)Part One
July 7 - 12, 1957: Published in 1982 on 25th anniversary and edited by Joseph Rotblat
Preface by Joseph Rotblat (p. iii)
Table of Contents (p. v & vi)
Invitation to the Conference (p. )
Letter from Cyrus Eaton (p. 2)
Letter from Bertrand Russell to Joseph Rotblat (pp. 5 - 8)
Draft Letter to Attendees (p. 9-10)
The Participants (pp. 11-13)
The Venue (p. 19)
The Programme (pp. 21-22)
Draft Agenda (pp. 23-25)
1957 Pre-conference Session - July 6th afternoon
Historical account of 1945 and decision to use atom bomb on Japanese cities
Szilard describes his WW II experiences
Szilard proposes questions to be answered during conference
Conference Papers from Committee One - Part One
Nuclear Energy Hazards in War and Peace by Joseph Rotblat (p. 66)
Somatic Hazards from Medical & Other Uses of Radiation by A.M.B. Lacassagne (p. 78)
Potential Hazards of Radiation by H. J. Muller (p. 82)
Conference Papers from Committee One - Part Two
Cont Mueller's Paper on Hazards of Radiation
The Danger of Nuclear Tests for Humanity by A. M Kuzin (p. 88)
Discussion of Radiation Hazards by the Advisotyr Panel to the US Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy by W. Selove (p. 95)
Radiation Studies in Japan by S. Tomonaga (p. 105)
Conference Papers from Committee Two
About Disarmament by E. Rabinowitch (p. 108)
Some Remarks on Nuclear Weapons by M. L. E. Oliphant (p. 118)
Steps to Disarmament by D. V. Skobeltzyn (p. 122)
The Psychological Background by G. Brock Chisholm (p. 125)
Comment on Bomb Tests by J. S. Foster (p. 133)
Conference Papers from Committee Three
The Significance of Our Times and the Social Responsibility of Scientists by C. F. Powell (p. 137)
Proposals Submitted to the Pugwash Conference by E. Rabinowitch (p. 147)
Proposal for the Establishment of an International Centre of Scientists Concerned with the Impact of Science on Public Affairs (p. 147)
Draft Statement of Principles (p. 149)
Draft of an Appeal (p. 152)
Points for a Short document on the Responsibilities of Scientists and the Public (p. 154) drafted by J. Bronwski
The Responsibilities of Scientists byChou Pei-Yuan (p. 156)
The Responsbilitiy of Scientists by H. Thirring (p. 159)
Appendix
Proclamation of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto Peace Conference by Earl Russell July 9th, 1955 (p. 163)
Back to Pugwash 45 years - Patrick Boyer describes history of the global movement at 53rd World Conference and recounts the beginning in July 1957 and traces its history.